下面是小编为大家整理的2020年十大新兴技术（全文完整）,供大家参考。
Illustrations:
V anessa
Branchi
Contents
3 Intr oduction
4 1
Micr oneedles
for
Painless
Injections
and
T ests
6
2
Sun-Powered
Chemistry
8
3
V irtual
Patients
10
4
Spatial
Computing
12
5
Digital
Medicine
14
6
Electric
Aviation
16
7
Lower-Carbon
Cement
18
8
Quantum
Sensing
20
9
Green
Hydrogen
22
10
Whole-Genome
Synthesis
24
Acknowledgements
©
2020
W orld
Economic
Forum.
All
rights reserved.
No
part
of
this
publication
may be
r eproduced
or
transmitted
in
any
form or
by
any
means,
including
photocopying and
r ecording,
or
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any
information storage
and
retrieval
system.
T op
10
Emerging T echnologies
of
2020
3
November 2020
T op
10
Emerging T echnologies
of
2020
Intr oduction
Experts
highlight
advances
with
the
potential
to
revolutionize
industry, healthcar e
and
society
The gr oup, convened
by Scientific
American and
the
W orld Economic
Forum, sifted
thr ough mor e
than
75 nominations.
If
some
of
the
many
thousands
of
human
volunteers needed
to test
cor onavirus
vaccines
could
have been
r eplaced
by
digital
replicas
–
one
of
this
year’s
T op 10
Emerging
T echnologies
–
COVID-19 vaccines
might
have
been
developed
even
faster , saving
untold
lives.
Soon
virtual
clinical
trials
could be
a
r eality
for
testing
new
vaccines
and
therapies. Other
technologies
on
the
list
could
r educe gr eenhouse
gas
(GHG)
emissions
by
electrifying
air travel
and
enabling
sunlight
to directly
power
the production
of
industrial
chemicals.
With
“spatial” computing,
the
digital
and
physical
worlds
will
be
integrated
in
ways
that
go
beyond
the
feats of
virtual
r eality.
And
ultrasensitive
sensors
that exploit
quantum
pr ocesses
will
set
the
stage
for
such
applications
as
wearable
brain
scanners
and vehicles
that
can
see
ar ound
cor ners.
These
and
the
other
emerging
technologies
have been
singled
out
by
an
international
steering
group of
experts.
The
group,
convened
by
Scientific American
and
the
W orld
Economic
Forum,
sifted through
mor e
than
75
nominations.
T o
win
the nod,
the
technologies
must
have
the
potential
to spur
progr ess
in
societies
and
economies
by outperforming
established
ways
of
doing
things. They
also
need
to be
novel
(that
is,
not
curr ently
in wide
use)
yet
likely
to have
a
major
impact
within the
next
thr ee
to five
years.
The
steering
group
met (virtually)
to whittle
down the
candidates
and
then closely
evaluate
the
fr ont-runners
befor e
making
the final
decisions.
W e
hope
you
are
as
inspir ed
by
the r eports
that
follow
as
we
ar e.
Author
Elizabeth O’Day
MEDICINE
Micr oneedles
for Painless
Injections and
T ests
Fewer
trips
to
medical
labs
make car e
mor e
accessible
1
The needles’ temporary
gentle perforation
of
the skin
enhances passage
of
the therapeutic
agent.
Bar ely
visible
needles,
or
“micr oneedles”,
are poised
to usher
in
an
era
of
pain-fr ee
injections and
blood
testing.
Whether
attached
to a
syringe or
a
patch,
micr oneedles
pr event
pain
by
avoiding contact with
nerve
endings.
T ypically
50-2,000 microns
in
length
(about
the
depth
of
a
sheet
of
paper),
and
1-100 microns
wide
(about
the width
of
human
hair),
they
penetrate
the
dead
top layer
of
skin
to reach
into
the
second
layer
–
the epidermis
–
consisting
of
viable
cells
and
a
liquid known
as
interstitial
fluid.
But
most
do not
reach, or
only
bar ely
touch,
the
underlying
dermis
wher e the
nerve
endings
lie,
along
with
blood
and
lymph vessels
and
connective
tissue.
Many
micr oneedle
syringe
and
patch
applications are
alr eady
available
for
administering
vaccines and
many
mor e
are
in
clinical
trials
for
use
in tr eating
diabetes,
cancer
and
neur opathic
pain.
Because
these
devices
insert
drugs
directly
into
the epidermis
or
dermis,
they
deliver
medicines
much mor e
ef ficiently
than
familiar
transdermal
patches, which
r ely
on
diffusion
through
the
skin.
This
year researchers
debuted
a
novel
technique
for
tr eating skin
disorders
such
as
psoriasis,
warts
and
certain types
of
cancer:
mixing
star -shaped
micr oneedles into
a
therapeutic
cr eam
or
gel.
The
needles’ temporary
gentle
perforation
of
the
skin
enhances passage
of
the
therapeutic
agent.
Many
micr oneedle
pr oducts are
moving
towards commer cialization
for
rapid,
painless
draws
of blood
or
interstitial
fluid
and
for
use
in
diagnostic testing
or
health
monitoring.
Tiny
holes
made
by the
needles
induce
a
local
change
in
pr essur e
in the
epidermis
or
dermis
that
for ces
interstitial
fluid or
blood
into
a
collection
device.
If
the
needles
are
coupled
to biosensors,
the
devices
can,
within minutes,
directly
measur e
biological
markers indicative
of
health
or
disease
status,
such
as glucose,
cholesterol,
alcohol,
drug
by-products or immune
cells.
Some
pr oducts would
allow
the
draws
to be done
at
home
and
mailed
to a
lab
or
analysed
on
the
spot. At
least
one
pr oduct has
alr eady clear ed
regulatory
hurdles
for
such
use.
The United
States
and
Eur ope
recently
approved
the T AP
blood
collection
device
fr om
Seventh
Sense Biosystems,
which
enables
lay
people
to collect
a
small
sample
of
blood
on
their
own,
whether
for sending
to a
lab
or
for
self-monitoring.
In
resear ch settings,
micr oneedles
are
also
being
integrated with
wir eless
communication
devices
to measur e a
biological
molecule,
use
the
measur ement
to determine
a
proper
drug
dose
and
then
deliver
that
dose
–
an
approach
that
could
help
r ealize
the pr omise
of
personalized
medicine.
Micr oneedle
devices
could
enable
testing
and tr eatment
to be
deliver ed
in
underserved
ar eas because
they
do not
requir e
costly
equipment
or a
lot
of
training
to administer . Micron
Biomedical has
developed
one
such
easy-to-use
device:
a
bandage-sized
patch
that
anyone
can
apply. Another
company,
V axxas,
is
developing
a micr oneedle
vaccine
patch
that
in
animal
and
early
human
testing
elicited
enhanced
immune responses
using
a
mer e
fraction
of
the
usual
dose.
Micr oneedles
can
also
r educe
the
risk
of
transmitting blood-bor ne
viruses
and
decr ease
hazar dous
waste fr om
the
disposal
of
conventional
needles.
Tiny
needles
are
not
always
an
advantage;
they
will
not
suffice
when
large
doses
are
needed.
Not all
drugs
can
pass
through
micr oneedles,
nor
can all
bio-markers
be
sampled
through
them.
Mor e resear ch
is
needed
to understand
how
factors
such
as
the
age
and
weight
of
the
patient,
the
site of
injection
and
the
delivery
technique
influence
the ef fectiveness
of
microneedle-based
technologies. Still,
these
painless
prickers
can
be
expected
to significantly
expand
drug
delivery
and
diagnostics and
new
uses
will
arise
as
investigators
devise ways
to use
them
in
organs
beyond
the
skin.
Micr oneedles
ar e
typically 1-100 micr ons
wide
(about the
width
of
human hair).
Author
Javier Gar cia
Martinez
CHEMICAL
ENGINEERING
Sun-Power ed Chemistry
V isible
light
can
drive
pr ocesses that
convert
carbon
dioxide
into common
materials
2
A new
appr oach employs
sunlight to
convert
waste carbon
dioxide into
these
needed chemicals.
The
manufactur e
of
many
chemicals
important to human
health
and
comfort consumes
fossil
fuels,
thereby
contributing
to extractive
processes, carbon
dioxide
emissions
and
climate
change.
A new
approach
employs
sunlight
to convert
waste carbon
dioxide
into
these
needed
chemicals, potentially
r educing
emissions
in
two ways
–
by using
the
unwanted
gas
as
a
raw
material,
and sunlight,
not
fossil
fuels,
as
the
source
of
energy needed
for
production.
This
process
is
becoming
incr easingly
feasible thanks
to advances
in
sunlight-activated
catalysts, or
photocatalysts.
In
r ecent
years,
investigators have
developed
photocatalysts
that
br eak
the resistant
double
bond between
carbon
and oxygen
in
carbon
dioxide.
This
is
a
critical
first
step
in
cr eating
“solar”
r efineries
that
produce useful
compounds
fr om
the
waste
gas
–
including “platform”
molecules
that
can
serve
as
raw materials
for
the
synthesis
of
such
varied
pr oducts as
medicines,
detergents,
fertilizers
and
textiles.
Photocatalysts
are
typically
semiconductors,
which requir e
high-energy
ultraviolet
light
to generate
the
electr ons
involved
in
the
transformation
of carbon
dioxide.
Y et
ultraviolet
light
is
both scarce (r epr esenting
just
5%
of
sunlight)
and
harmful.
The development
of
new
catalysts
that
work under
mor e abundant
and
benign
visible
light
has
therefor e
been a
major
objective.
That
demand
is
being
addr essed by
car eful
engineering
of
the
composition,
structur e and
morphology
of
existing
catalysts,
such
as titanium
dioxide.
Although
it
ef ficiently
converts carbon
dioxide
into
other
molecules
solely
in response
to ultraviolet
light,
doping
it
with
nitr ogen gr eatly
lowers
the
energy
requir ed
to do so.
The
alter ed
catalyst
now
needs
only
visible
light
to yield
widely
used
chemicals
such
as
methanol, formaldehyde
and
formic
acid
–
collectively important
in
the
manufactur e
of
adhesives,
foams, plywood,
cabinetry,
flooring
and
disinfectants.
At
the
moment,
solar
chemical
resear ch
is occurring
mainly
in
academic
laboratories, including
at
the
Joint
Center...
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