摘要
药用植物种植是我国中医药事业传承和快速发展的必要物质基础。近年来,随着规模化种植模式的推广,我国药用植物种植面积不断扩大,经济效益稳步提升。然而,药用植物病毒病的危害也日益凸显,严重降低了药用植物的产量和品质,对中医药临床疗效造成不利影响。本文对我国多种常见药用植物上已报道的病毒病的致病病原、典型症状、发生流行危害以及防控策略做了介绍和归纳总结。
关键词
药用植物病毒病; 典型症状; 发生流行; 防控
中图分类号:
S 435.67
文献标识码: A
DOI: 10.16688/j.zwbh.2017380
Damage and control of viral diseases on common medicinal plants in China
LIU Zhou1,3, PENG Qiuping3, XIANG Yunya3,4, LI Liming2,3
(1. Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Genuine Regional Drug BioEngineering, Xiamen 361023, China;
2. School of Public Health,Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China;
3. Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China; 4. Research Office of Traditional Chinese Medicine
Deep Processing and Health Products Development of Fujian Province, Xiamen 361023, China)
Abstract
The cultivation of medicinal plants is the material basis necessary for the inheritance and rapid development of Chinese medicine. In recent years, with the promotion of largescale cultivation mode, the planting area of medicinal plants in China continues to expand, and the economic benefits also improve steadily. However, the damage of viral diseases on medicinal plants has become increasingly prominent, seriously reduces both the yield and quality of medicinal plants, causing adverse effects on clinical efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine. This paper summarized the pathogens, typical symptoms, epidemic situation and the prevention and control strategies of viral diseases reported on common medicinal plants in China.
Key words
medicinal plant viral disease; typical symptom; epidemic situation; prevention and control
2016年國务院发布《中国的中医药》白皮书,中医药发展上升为国家战略。药用植物种植作为中医药事业传承发展的物质基础,是我国现代农业、生物医药和大健康产业的重要组成部分。近年来,受全球气候变暖,规模化、集约化种植模式的推广,种植品种固定,繁殖方式单一(多为无性繁殖)等影响,药用植物病毒病发生十分普遍。一方面,药用植物抗病毒品种少,防治措施有限,加之生产者对病毒病的了解不足,致使药用植物病毒病逐年加重,种质严重退化,产量和品质大幅下降,影响临床疗效;另一方面,药用植物种类繁多且种植区分布零散,国内对其病毒病的系统性研究较少,病害普查和防治工作亟待加强。本文就我国常用药用植物上发现并报道的病毒病发生情况、病原种类、危害特征及防控方法进行综述,以期为我国后续开展药用植物病毒病系统性调查和研究提供参考。
1 以根和根茎入药的药用植物病毒病发生情况
1.1 百合病毒病发生情况
卷丹Lilium lancifolium Thunb.、百合L.brownii var. viridulum Baker或细叶百合L.pumilum D C.为百合科Liliaceae多年生草本植物,其干燥肉质鳞叶药用价值高,具养阴润肺,清心安神等功效[1],主产区有安徽、贵州、湖南、江苏、甘肃和浙江等[2]。我国百合病毒病流行较为严重,全国各大产区病毒病自然发生率约20%~30%,部分达70%~80%,重者可达90%[3]。每年病毒病造成百合种植业的损失高达数十亿元,成为药用百合产业的发展瓶颈[4]。
迄今为止国内外报道侵染百合的病毒多达19种,在我国危害重、发病广的病毒主要有3种,百合无症病毒Lily symptomless virus (LSV)、黄瓜花叶病毒Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV)和百合斑驳病毒Lily mottle virus (LMoV)[5]。蚜虫是上述病毒的主要传播介体。百合田间病毒复合侵染现象十分普遍[56],且病毒含量随种植期延长而增加[7]。